大型數控機械加工機(ji)床(chuang)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系統一般(ban)都能按照(zhao)數字程(cheng)序指令控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)床(chuang)實現主(zhu)軸自(zi)動(dong)(dong)啟停(ting)、換向和變速,能自(zi)動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)進給速度、方向和加工(gong)路線,進行加工(gong),能選擇刀(dao)具并根據刀(dao)具尺寸調整吃刀(dao)量(liang)及(ji)行走軌跡,能完(wan)成加工(gong)中所需要的(de)各種輔助動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)。當我(wo)們使(shi)用機(ji)床(chuang)加工(gong)零(ling)件時,通常都需要對機(ji)床(chuang)的(de)各種動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)進行控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),一是控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)的(de)先(xian)后次序,二是控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)床(chuang)各運動(dong)(dong)部件的(de)位移量(liang)。
采用普通(tong)機(ji)床(chuang)加(jia)工(gong)時,這種開(kai)車、停車、走(zou)刀、換向、主軸變速和開(kai)關(guan)切(qie)削(xue)液等操作都是由人工(gong)直接控制的。采用自動(dong)機(ji)床(chuang)和仿形機(ji)床(chuang)加(jia)工(gong)時,上述操作和運動(dong)參數則是通(tong)過(guo)設(she)計好的凸(tu)輪(lun)、靠(kao)模(mo)和擋塊等裝置以模(mo)擬量的形式來控制的,它(ta)們雖能(neng)加(jia)工(gong)比較復雜的零(ling)件,且有一定的靈活性(xing)和通(tong)用性(xing),但是零(ling)件的加(jia)工(gong)精度受(shou)凸(tu)輪(lun)、靠(kao)模(mo)制造精度的影響,而(er)且工(gong)序準備(bei)時間也很長。
用大型數控機械加工機床(chuang)(chuang)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)零(ling)件時,只(zhi)需要將(jiang)零(ling)件圖形和(he)工(gong)(gong)藝參數(shu)、加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)步驟(zou)等(deng)以數(shu)字信息的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式,編成程(cheng)序代(dai)碼輸(shu)入(ru)到機床(chuang)(chuang)控制系統中,再由其(qi)進行運算處理后轉成驅動(dong)伺服機構的(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)令(ling)信號,從而控制機床(chuang)(chuang)各部件協調動(dong)作,自(zi)動(dong)地加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)出零(ling)件來。當更換加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)對象(xiang)時,只(zhi)需要重新編寫程(cheng)序代(dai)碼,輸(shu)入(ru)給機床(chuang)(chuang),即可(ke)由數(shu)控裝置代(dai)替(ti)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)大腦和(he)雙(shuang)手的(de)(de)(de)(de)大部分功能,控制加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全過(guo)程(cheng),制造出任意復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)零(ling)件。